Annealing - The heating and cooling of steel to remove stresses, alter physical, mechanical and metallurgical properties, increase corrosion resistance, or to thermally treat steel prior to age hardening. Typically resulting in a softer material.

As-Welded- Tubular products not subject to thermal treatment after welding.

Bright annealing- Annealing in a controlled atmosphere to prevent formation of dark, adherent oxides.

Cold drawing- Drawing tubular products through a hardened die while at room temperature. Cold drawing is usually done with a supporting inside mandrel (drawn over mandrel). The purpose of cold drawing is to reduce the O.D. or wall, or both, to produce smooth surface finishes, obtain closer tolerances and to promote weld area recrystallization during subsequent annealing.

Concentricity- As applied to tubular products, the outside diameter of the tube is the relationship of the theoretical centerline of the tube, to the I.D. of the tube.

Dimensions spcified in -

O.D. - Outside diameter, specified in inches and/or decimals of an inch or specified in fractions of an inch.

I.D.- Inside diameter, specified in the same terms as O.D.

Wall thickness- Preferably specified in decimals of an inch.

Nominal- The O.D., I.D. or wall dimension exclusive of tolerances.

Maximum and minimum- The dimensions resulting after applying the proper tolerance to the nominal dimensions.

Mean - Dimension obtained by averaging a series of measurements.

Full finished- Refers to products in which the weld has been processed to produce uniform strength and dimensions, and is then annealed to obtain proper corrosion resistance.

Mandrel (or bar) drawing- A cold finishing operation in which a tube is placed on a mandrel of the final desired I.D. size of the finished tube, then drawn through a die. It is removed by reeling, or run through a straightener to cause it to spring away from the mandrel. It is usually given a sink draw to make the final size tube.

Manipulation tests- Deformation of full sections or sector specimens to evaluate quality. Various tests are crush, flare, bend, flange, flatten, reverse flatten, reverse bend and expanding. To produce face or root bend specimens, sector samples and guided fixtures are used.

Mechanical properties- Properties that reveal elastic or inelastic behavior where force is applied. Examples are elastic and proportional limits, modules of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation, hardness, impact strength, creep strength, and stress rupture strength.

Ovality- The difference between the maximum and minimum diameter of a tubular section.

Pipe- A tubular product made to dimensions specified by American Standards Association.

Pickling- Chemical or electrochemical removal of surface oxides.

Plug drawing- A cold finishing operation in which a tube is drawn through a die over a plug, to produce a precise O.D. and wall tube.

Pressure test- Subjecting products to a specified hydraulic or pneumatic internal pressure to detect defects and weakness in the tubing wall.

Sinking (or sink drawing)- A cold finishing operation used to greatly reduce variation in obtaining the exact desired diameter and/or to improve mechanical properties. This operation usually involves by pulling a tube through a die without using an interior tool (mandrel).

Straightness (or camber)- Maximum deviation, or bow, within a specified length. Usually determined by using a straight edge and dial indicator of a flat plate and feeler gages. The thickness of the wall is not permitted to be below this value.

Wall - The thickness of the tubing